An alternative form of valuation is to use the Black-Scholes formula for a put, which is: P = Xe –r(T-t) [1-N(d2)] – S [1-N(d1)] Where d1 and d2 are as given in the section deriving a call option. Note that [1 - N(d2)] is the same as N(-d2) and [1 - N(d1)] is the same as N(-d1). Using the same [...]
Financial futures contracts were first introduced by International Monetary Markets Division of Chicago Mercantile Exchange in order to meet the needs for managing currency risks, and promoted by a galloping growth in international business. London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), set up in 1982 had been dealing in currency futures, but have restricted their activity to interest rate [...]
The large and multinational companies often rely heavily on the international financial markets. Interest rates change continually which makes these markets extremely volatile. It is one of the responsibilities of the Treasurer to manage the interest rate risk of the firm and should able to identify the methods available for hedging interest rate risk. An enterprise should be cautious about [...]