Present day organisations make considerable use of line, staff and functional authorities. All the three types can be found in almost every organisation. The nature of various types of authority is discussed below: Type # 1. Line Authority: Every organisation exists to achieve specific goals. Line managers may be defined as the authority of those managers in the organisation who [...]
The following points highlight the two main types of organisation. The types are: 1. Formal Organisation 2. Informal Organisation. Type # 1. Formal Organisation: A formal organisation is deliberately designed to achieve some particular objectives. It refers to the structure of well defined-jobs, each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability. According to Chester I Barnard it is [...]
In this article we will discuss about the Graicunas theory on the span of management. V.A. Graicunas a French management Consultant, made a study on superior-subordinate relationship, however, not based on empirical observations. He developed a mathematical formula to analyse this relationship. He suggested that the number of possible relationships increases with the number in the number of subordinates. Graicemas [...]